While Singapore is blessed with potable tap water, most households still rely on boiling them to get rid of potential bacteria and chemical nasties. Even though trusty ol’ kettles may suffice, nothing quite beats the convenience that a water dispenser can give. Need a glass of ice cold water to beat the heat or feel peckish for a bowl of instant noodles? You won’t need to wait for it to boil and cool down with a water dispenser at your service. If you’re looking for one for your countertop, read on for our roundup of the best water dispensers in Singapore!
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Difference between water dispenser, water filter and water purifier
The terms water dispenser, water filter, and water purifier are often used interchangeably, which is why it’s common to get confused between the three. While the three aren’t the same, they are not mutually exclusive. For instance, water dispensers often come with in-built water filters or purifiers to dispense clean, healthy water. To understand them better, check out the table below!
Type | Purpose | How it works |
Water dispenser | Convenient access to clean, healthy water at multiple temperatures | Uses instant boil technology or/and filtration systems to dispense clean water at different temperatures |
Water filter | Comes in the form of pitchers and on-tap installments to filter tap water | Uses physical barriers like fine mesh to filter out physical impurities |
Water purifier | For eliminating chemicals and viruses that may be present in tap water | Uses multiple layers of filters and chemicals to kill viruses or UV to treat pathogens |
How do I choose a water dispenser?
While water dispensers may seem straightforward, there are a host of factors to consider when choosing one. From space-saving designs, water filtration capabilities to maintenance requirements, here’s what you need to look out for during your search.
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Space
Before buying a water dispenser, be sure to check how much countertop space you have to spare and look out for the dispenser’s dimensions. If you have limited space, we highly recommend checking out the best tankless water dispensers in Singapore that feature slim, compact designs. Tankless water dispensers use a piped-in water source, which not only saves space but also saves you the manual work of refilling water to a tank.
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Water filtration capabilities
One of the main advantages of having a water dispenser is having clean water that’s free of harmful chemicals and bacteria readily available. That’s why if you’re investing in one, you should definitely read up about its water filtration capabilities. On top of eliminating bacteria, the best dispensers in Singapore can also effectively filter out heavy metals like lead and chemicals like chlorine. (You’d have to boil water for more than 15 minutes to effectively remove chlorine!)
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Maintenance requirements
The best water dispensers in Singapore don’t come cheap, which is why most of us would want to avoid having to shell out further for frequent maintenance. That said, it is important to keep your tanks clean and free of limescale buildup. To curb this issue, get a trusty one with self-cleaning features like UV-C LED which helps to eliminate bacteria and germs or steriliser modules to minimise the need for maintenance. It is also helpful to have a dispenser that indicates the filter lifespan to ensure that your water is effectively cleaned all year round!
Best tankless water dispensers in Singapore (2023)
Tankless water dispensers are, you guessed it – water dispensers without tanks. It uses piped-in water from a water source to dispense clean water. Apart from saving a ton of space, tankless water dispensers are also less likely to be contaminated as they are equipped with robust water filtration systems and self-cleaning functions. That said, tankless water dispensers need to be connected to a water source which means they can only be placed in the kitchen and not your study room or bedroom. They also tend to be on the pricier side compared to tank water dispensers, so be prepared to set aside a budget for it.
1. Sterra S Tankless Water Purifier
Sterra is one of the top brands when it comes to 2023’s best water dispensers in Singapore, offering quality options that have been endorsed by many. If you’re looking one that is space-saving, the Sterra S Tankless Water Purifier (available on Sterra SG) rocks a slim, minimalist design that fits neatly on your countertop.
In terms of filtration capability, it boasts a 4-stage filtration system that helps to remove any bacteria, chlorine, particles and odours. This ensures that the water you drink is clean and healthy all the time. Another feature we love is the electric steriliser module which allows the Sterra water dispenser to self-clean. This reduces the hassle of scheduling it for maintenance, and saves you some cost in the long run too.
Dimensions: 509 x 182 x 403mm
Tank size: Tankless
2. Simplus Tap Water Purifier
If you’re looking for a table top water dispenser that doesn’t require refilling every few hours, you’ll love the Simplus Tap Water Purifier (available on Simplus Official Store). It’s one of the best water dispensers that allows you to drink directly from the faucet in your kitchen! But don’t worry, the Simplus Water Purifier has a 3-in-1 composite filter that is able to remove over 99.99% of harmful bacteria.
On top of providing you with pure drinking water, straight from the tap, this table top water dispenser also has a compact yet sleek design – meaning that it’s able to complement the look of most kitchens. Moreover, it doesn’t compromise on functionality as well, for it’s compatible with a range of faucet types, and is easy to install or to change the filter.
Dimensions: 230 x 175 x 365mm
Tank size: Tankless
3. Aqua Kent AK Pearl Tankless Water Dispenser
While water dispensers are lauded for their convenience, installation and maintenance can be a chore. But that need not be the case if you get the Aqua Kent AK Pearl Tankless Water Dispenser (available on Aqua Kent Singapore Official) which comes with free delivery, installation services, and three free filter replacement services! With these, you can sit back, relax, and enjoy the constant stream of H2O it brings.
As one of the best tankless water dispensers in Singapore, the Aqua Kent AK Pearl is also the most affordable option that comes with nano membrane filtration to effectively remove bacteria. Its 4-stage filtration system also includes a post activated carbon filter, which removes chlorine and odour. What’s more, it comes with a free HEPA air purifier which makes this the ultimate value-for-money purchase!
Dimensions: 520 x 180 x 450mm
Tank size: Tankless
4. Ruhens Tankless Water Dispenser
If you’re concerned that a bulky water dispenser might ruin your pretty kitchen aesthetics, worry no more. The Ruhens V Series Tankless Water Purifier Dispenser (available on Ruhens SG 루헨스) will fit right in with its sleek design and fresh colours like bubblegum pink, white, silver, and black. This hot and cold water dispenser in Singapore also comes with eco-mode which helps to reduce power consumption by 30% so it won’t be racking up your bills!
To take things up a notch, the Ruhens water dispenser makes maintenance easy with a UV automated sterilisation feature for self-cleaning. The filter change indicator also eliminates the guesswork by notifying you whenever the water filter needs to be replaced. Its faucets are also removable and adjustable, so you can dismantle them easily for washing.
Dimensions: 514 x 160 x 432mm
Tank size: Tankless
5. Wells Tankless Water Purifier
Seasoned mums will know that the optimal water temperature for making baby milk formula is 40 degree celsius. However, with the number of things you’d have to keep track of with a newborn, the extra step of cooling water down to the right temperature can be a burdensome chore. Make your life easier with the Wells True Tankless Water Purifier (available on Wells), one of the best water dispensers in Singapore in 2023 that dispenses water in five different temperatures, including an option for baby milk powder.
You can be assured that the water it provides is clean and healthy with its nine step filtration system. This includes a multi-carbon filter and nano clean filter that eliminates seven types of heavy metals, chlorine, and 35 different types of microorganisms. This nifty baby bottle warmer not only adds convenience to your daily lives, but also keeps your bub’s health in check!
Dimensions: 190 x 495 x 430mm
Tank size: Tankless
6. STAR Water Purifier
We can’t write a list about the best water dispensers in Singapore without mentioning the STAR Water Purifier (available on Futur Living Official Store), which boasts a robust 8-stage water filtration process. On top of removing dirt, heavy metals, chemicals, odour, and bacteria, it has a cellulose stage that produces fibre in water that helps with digestion. After that, the water goes through a mineral stage that adds sodium, magnesium, calcium, and potassium to ensure that your body is not just hydrated, but replenished with essential minerals.
Furthermore, the STAR Water Purifier comes with a self-cleaning system with UV light that cleans the nozzle every 15 minutes so you won’t have to wipe it down yourself!
Dimensions: 442 x 150 x 406mm
Tank size: Tankless
7. RASLOK HCM-T1 Water Purifier
If you’re worried about water dispensers jacking up your electricity bills, get the RASLOK Water Purifier with UV Sterilisation (available on RASLOK Official Shop) which comes with an energy saving system powered by a smart sensor. This sensor turns the power off when it senses that there is no light around it, which saves energy in the long run.
The Raslok Water Dispenser also boasts a 5-stage water filtration system, which includes a UF membrane which filters out bacteria and viruses, as well as filters for sediment, active carbon. It also features a filter life indicator, which tells you when to change the filter at a glance.
Dimensions: 390 x 180 x 410mm
Tank size: Tankless
8. Apure Titan Water Purifier Dispenser
All about clean, minimalist aesthetics? Then the all-white Apure Titan Water Purifier Dispenser (available on apuresg) will be right up your alley. It is one of the best tankless alkaline water dispensers in Singapore that is equipped with UV pure technology and a 6-stage filtration process to give you the cleanest water.
Apart from three temperature modes, you can also choose between three volumes of water to dispense. This includes 220ml that’s just nice for a mug of water, and also 1000ml to refill your water bottle. Furthermore, it sports an LED display that shows the time, doubling up as a clock in your kitchen!
Dimensions: 418 x 185 x 394mm
Tank size: Tankless
9. Happie’s Joy Water Purifier
There’s no need to fret over the lack of space when you’ve got one of the best tankless water dispensers in Singapore this 2023! Measuring below 17cm, the Happie’s Joy Water Purifier (available on Happie Official Store) is as wide as the length of two credit cards! You’ll definitely have more than sufficient counter space for this Happie water dispenser.
This Happie water dispenser also features a stealth electrolysis technology that efficiently cleans all water channels and even the filters within. It also purifies the water by removing all sorts of bacteria, chlorine, metal, rust and more! But the best thing about the electrolysis process in this Happie water dispenser is how it allows the water dispenser to be self-preserving. The sterilisation helps prolong the lifespan of the water filters. So what used to last for six months can potentially last longer!
Dimensions: 168 x 517 x 419mm
Tank size: Tankless
Best tabletop water dispensers in Singapore (2023)
Tabletop water dispensers refer to traditional water dispensers that dispense water from a water tank. They are relatively affordable and often come with essential features like water purifying capabilities and multiple temperature options. Since they have a tank to store water, they can be placed away from a water source for more convenient access. However, tabletop water dispensers are bulkier and require more effort to maintain.
10. Sterra X Tabletop Water Purifier
For night owls who need to grab a drink at midnight but don’t want to wake the entire family up, the Sterra X Tank Tabletop Water Purifier (available on Sterra SG) is the best dispenser in Singapore for you as it operates quietly. Furthermore, it keeps things simple with just two separate taps for hot water at 95 degrees celsius and cold water at four degrees celsius.
Even though it is not tankless, there’s no need to top up water as the Sterra X connects directly to your water supply and automatically replenishes the tank whenever needed. This hot water dispenser is ideal for those with large families in Singapore, as you won’t have to top up water a dozen times just to stay hydrated.
Dimensions: 300 x 365 x 520mm
Tank size: 3.8L (cold), 1.5L (hot)
11. Tecno Instant Water Dispenser
Tea connoisseurs will appreciate how the Tecno Instant Hot Water Dispenser (available on Tecno Official Store) has an extensive selection of seven different temperature options. This is ideal for steeping different types of tea leaves as they each have their own optimal temperature to get the best brew. For instance, black tea and herbal tea should be brewed with boiling water at 100 degree celsius, while white tea and green tea are best brewed with water at 80 to 85 degree celsius.
Apart from temperature selection, the Tecno water dispenser is equipped with the STRIX water filter which features fine mesh to filter out particles and activated carbon to remove chlorine, pesticides, and herbicides. In addition, this hot water dispenser in Singapore only takes five seconds to prepare water of any temperature – even boiling water – which is great for busy folks!
Dimensions: 190 x 260 x 335mm
Tank size: 4L
12. Aerogaz Premium Digital Water Dispenser
The best water dispensers in Singapore don’t always cost a fortune. Case in point: the Aerogaz Premium Digital Water Dispenser (available on aerogaz Official Store) that comes in at just below $90 – a huge fraction of its competitors, but not a fraction in terms of quality and convenience.
It is a no-frills option that is equipped with instant boil technology. Simply add water into the tank and it’ll be boiled instantly within five to 10 seconds! You won’t have to wait for it to cool either, as the aerogaz water dispenser is able to dispense water out immediately in seven different temperatures. This includes boiling hot water for your instant noodles, 85 degrees celsius that’s ideal for brewing oolong tea, and room temperature for clocking in hydration. It also sports a big LED display that indicates the volume of water left so you won’t have to open up to check!
Dimensions: 210 x 450 x 400mm
Tank size: 2.3L
13. Toyomi Filtered Water Dispenser
According to WebMD, there’s a slew of health benefits you can reap from drinking mineral water such as improved heart health and better digestion. That’s why the Toyomi Instant Boil Filtered Water Dispenser (available on Toyomi Singapore Official Store) stands out as one of the best water dispensers in Singapore. On top of its robust six stage water filter, the Toyomi water dispenser also re-mineralises water by adding elements like iron, zinc, and magnesium, which are important minerals that our body needs.
The best part? This bad boy comes with an affordable price tag of only $160.. For those who aren’t ready to splurge, this is a great starter option to go for. It also sports essential features like a child safety lock to keep those with the young ‘uns at ease, as well as a low water volume alarm to remind you to refill it.
Dimensions: 355 x 252 x 410mm
Tank size: 4.5L
14. Philips Filtered Water Dispenser
Philips is a renowned household brand that offers value-for-money appliances, and their range of water dispensers are no different. The Philips Filtered Water Dispenser (available on Philips Certified Store) proves to be a worthy contender for the best affordable water dispensers in Singapore with its host of capabilities. Apart from instant heating, it is also equipped with the AquaShield all-in-one RO filtration which removes 110 types of harmful substances like lead, chlorine and pesticides that may exist in tap water.
The Philips water dispenser also uses UV-LED as a second line of defence, further eliminating bacteria both in the water and the water tank. This hot water dispenser in Singapore allows you to choose from four temperature options from ambient to 95°C for your instant drinks like Nestea and cup noodles.
Dimensions: 232 x 250 x 424mm
Tank size: 4L
15. CUCKOO Fusion Top Water Purifier
It’s not hard to see why the CUCKOO Fusion Top Water Purifier (available on CUCKOO SINGAPORE Official Store) is one of the best water dispensers in Singapore with its stylish design and solid features. Its white black finish adds a modern touch to your kitchen, and its antibacterial stainless steel water tank is definitely a standout compared to regular countertop options.
In terms of filtration capabilities, the CUCKOO Fusion Top Water Purifier doesn’t disappoint with its 6-stage filtration system with four filters. This includes a nano positive filter that removes harmful substances like heavy metals while preserving natural minerals.
Dimensions: 260 x 480 x 500mm
Tank size: 3.4L
16. Cornell Instant Water Dispenser With Evolve+ Filter
While Singaporeans have the blessing of having treated water right out of the tap, one can never be too sure if impurities remain. But you can sweep your worries away with the Cornell Instant Water Dispenser With Evolve+ Filter (available on Lion City Company), whose design includes a five-stage fast flow filtration system that reduces impurities and even microplastics from your tap water.
This table top water dispenser also doubles as a hot water dispenser, which has up to 7 temperature selections – 45°C, 55°C, 65°C. 75°C, 85°C, and 100°C. Coupled with a Digital Touch Screen Control Panel that makes it easier to operate for users, this Cornell Instant Water Dispenser remains one of the best water dispensers in Singapore!
Dimensions: 151 X 268 X 311mm
Tank size: 2.7L
17. VIOMI Water Dispenser
On days when you’re too caught up with work at your desk, the distance from your bedroom to the kitchen can seem like a mile away. If you’ve not been drinking enough water because of that, cue the VIOMI Water Dispenser (available on Dasher) that you can place in your bedroom to keep water supply at arm’s reach. Equipped with a 2L water tank, it’s sufficient for an entire day’s water intake so you won’t have to skedaddle to the kitchen for a refill. This also helps you keep track of whether you’ve drank sufficient H2O easily.
While the Viomi water dispenser does not come with filtration capabilities, it offers five temperature modes including room temperature, 50 degree celsius, 80 degree celsius for instant drinks, 90 degree celsius for tea, and 100 degree celsius for a piping hot bowl of cup noodles.
Dimensions: 297 x 265 x 123mm
Tank size: 2L
18. BRUNO Hot Water Dispenser
Love BRUNO kitchen appliances? The BRUNO Hot Water Dispenser (available on BRUNO Official Store) is now available in the dreamiest shade of lavender! Spruce up your countertop with this pretty and functional water dispenser that saves you the chore of boiling water with its fast heating function – within three seconds, you’ll have piping hot water ready to prepare your morning cuppa.
Apart from instant hot water, you can also choose from five temperature settings. Whether it’s the best temperature for baby formula or room temperature for casual drinking, the BRUNO hot water dispenser in Singapore has them ready in a jiffy!
Dimensions: 115 x 301 x 290mm
Tank size: 2.5L
Best alkaline water dispensers in Singapore (2023)
Alkaline water refers to water with a higher pH level (above 7). It is believed to be healthier as it can act as an antioxidant to neutralise harmful free radicals. Alkaline water dispensers allow an electric current to pass through the water to increase its pH level, thereby dispensing alkaline water. We recommend getting an alkaline water dispenser that has both pure and alkaline water options for a more balanced intake.
19. AmGlow Touchscreen Hot & Cold Tabletop Dispenser
If you’re looking to reap the health benefits that alkaline water claims to offer such as lowering blood pressure and improving bone health, get the AmGlowTouchscreen Tabletop Water Dispenser (available on AmGlow Official Store). It is equipped with an alkaline water filter and ultrafiltration capabilities to provide healthy drinking water that’s rid of germs, chlorine, and bacteria.
Size wise, the AmGlow water dispenser is smaller than most of its counterparts, which makes it a viable option for those with limited kitchen space. It also comes with two extra sets of replacement filters, making this one of the best cold and hot water dispensers in Singapore that last you for at least two years.
Dimensions: 210 x 450 x 400mm
Tank size: 1.5L (cold), 1L (hot)
20. Novita Countertop Water Purifier
While tankless and alkaline water dispensers can easily set you back by a thousand, the novita Countertop Water Purifier (available on FEPL2001) is one of the best affordable dispensers in Singapore that those on a budget can consider. It also helps you stretch your savings further as it does not require electricity to operate. Simply turn the control knob to dispense water with ease!
Furthermore, it sports a smart filter replacement timer which helps you track the filter lifespan and prompts you when it is due for replacement. For alkaline water, simply opt for the Hydroplus Alkaline Antioxidant Water filter at no extra cost. Overall, the novita water dispenser is one of the best tankless water dispensers in Singapore that doesn’t compromise on features.
Dimensions: 115 x 436 x 341mm
Tank size: Tankless
21. Aqua Kent – Ruby 3T Water Dispenser
The Aqua Kent – Ruby 3T Water Dispenser (available on Aqua Kent Singapore Official) is one you’d want to show off to your guests if you want to achieve that picture-perfect kitchen; this best tankless water dispenser in Singapore will fit seamlessly with your Scandinavian reno. Choose black or white instead if you prefer a more industrial or monochrome aesthetic.
That’s not all – this water dispenser has UV sterilisation and four filtration stages to eliminate any odd tastes. Each stage of the filtration process employs a combination of activated carbon and nano membranes to effectively remove muck such as sediments and bacteria from the water. It is also dispensed in one of four volumes, which includes 100ml, 200ml, 400ml and unlimited flow. With an extra hot temperature option that goes up to 95°C, the Aqua Kent device is also regarded as one of the best hot water dispensers in Singapore!
Dimensions: 220 x 460 x 480mm
Tank size: Tankless
22. AOX COMPAC O2+
There’s no hiding the fact that the AOX Compac O2 (available on AOX Singapore Official Store) is an expensive appliance, but its technology, state-of-the-art design, and features surely makes the price a justifiable one.
Not just a mere alkaline water dispenser, the AOX Compac O2 packs a punch with other useful features like the built-in active oxygen steriliser. Active oxygen contains negative ions that help to eliminate viruses, allergens, and bacteria. Simply insert the oxygen tube into a bowl of water and you can use it to sterilise baby milk bottles, kitchen utensils, and even your hands or the air. It can also detox meat and vegetables as well as produce clean water for dental care, treating cuts, and even washing your face! That’s why the AOX water dispenser is one of the best alkaline and tankless water purifiers in Singapore money can buy.
Dimensions: 244 x 240 x 390mm
Tank size: Tankless
Bonus: Best portable water dispenser in Singapore
23. Boigego Foldable Water Dispenser
Tired of nagging your children to drink more water when they’re outdoors? Take a look at the Boigego Foldable Water Dispenser (available on Boigego Official Shop)! It has a folding design that makes it small enough to store in your tote bag and is ideal for a weekend camping trip. Not to mention, it’s convenient to charge on the go thanks to a Type-C charging port that is compatible with most portable chargers!
This one-button automatic water dispenser in Singapore fits most standard size water bottles and has two drinking options: a short press can extract 600ml of water or simply press twice to extract your desired amount. You will never have to worry about your children not drinking enough water with this fascinating and portable design!
Dimensions: 64 x 64 x 136mm
Tank size: 4 – 8L
Overview of the best water dispensers in Singapore (sorted by price)
Water dispenser | Dimensions (mm) | Tank size | Features | Price |
Boigego Foldable Water Dispenser | 64 x 64 x 136 | 4 – 18L | Foldable and portable | $17.28 |
Simplus Tap Water Purifier | 230 x 175 x 365 | Tankless | 3-in-1 SUF ultrafiltration composite filter, direct drinking from faucet | $57.90 |
Viomi Water Dispenser | 297 x 265 x 123 | 2L | Instant boil and 5 temperature modes | $69.90 |
Aerogaz Premium Digital Instant Water Dispenser | 210 x 450 x 400 | 2.3L | Instant boil technology and LED display | $79.90 |
Toyomi Instant Boil Filtered Water Dispenser | 355 x 252 x 410 | 4.5L | Re-mineralising capabilities | $160 |
Cornell Instant Water Dispenser With Evolve+ Filter | 151 X 268 X 311 | 2.7L | Aqua Optima Evolve⁺ Filter and 7 temperature modes | $180.00 |
Tecno Instant Water Dispenser | 190 x 260 x 335 | 4L | 7 temperature selection and fine mesh filter | $188 |
BRUNO Hot Water Dispenser | 115 x 301 x 290 | 2.5L | Instant heating and 5 temperature modes | $199 |
Novita Countertop Water Purifier Dispenser | 115 x 436 x 341 | Tankless | Zero electricity consumption and alkaline water filter | $592.87 |
Sterra X Tabletop Water Purifier | 300 x 365 x 520 | 3.8L (cold), 1.5L (hot) | Silent operation and automated tank refill | $699 – $799 |
Philips Filtered Water RO Dispenser | 232 x 250 x 424 | 4L | UV-LED and filter change reminders | $799 |
Raslok HCM T-1 Water Purifier Dispenser | 390 x 180 x 410 | Tankless | Smart eco sensor and filter lifetime indicator | $999 – $1,019 |
Apure™ Titan Water Purifier Dispenser | 418 x 185 x 394 | Tankless | 6-step water purification process with UV LED technology | $1,099 |
Aqua Kent – Ruby 3T Water Dispenser | 220 x 460 x 480 | Tankless | 4 temperature options and 4-stage filtration system | $1,180 |
CUCKOO Fusion Top Water Purifier | 260 x 480 x 500 | 3.4L | Antibacterial water tank and nano positive filter | $1,299 |
AmGlow Tabletop Dispenser | 210 x 450 x 400 | 1.5L (cold), 1L (hot) | Alkaline water filter | $1,300 |
Aqua Kent AK Pearl Tankless Water Dispenser | 520 x 180 x 450 | Tankless | Self-cleaning system with UV sterilisation | $1,588 |
Sterra S Tankless Water Purifier | 509 x 182 x 403 | Tankless | Electric sterliser module for self-cleaning | $1,699 |
STAR+ Water Purifier | 442 x 150 x 406 | Tankless | 5 different temperatures options | $1,749 – $1,799 |
Happie’s Joy Water Purifier | 168 x 517 x 419 | Tankless | Stealth electrolysis technology to sterilise water and internal parts of machine | $1,888 |
Wells True Tankless Water Purifier | 190 x 495 x 430 | Tankless | Baby milk powder course and 7 stage filtration system | $2,088 |
Ruhens V Series Tankless Water Dispenser | 514 x 160 x 432 | Tankless | UV automated sterilisation and filter change indicator | $2,399 |
AOX Compac O2+ | 244 x 240 x 390 | Tankless | Active oxygen steriliser and alkaline water dispenser | $2,799 |
Stay hydrated with the best water dispensers in Singapore
With trusty water dispensers that provide clean, filtered, or even alkaline water, you’d never have to skip that eight glasses of water because you’re too lazy to boil them. For those who prefer to save on countertop space, check out the best water filters in Singapore for an alternative. Meanwhile, those who are always on-the-go can get one of the best water bottles in Singapore to stay refreshed throughout the day!
This article was updated on 26 May 2023. Additional research done by Foo Pei Shi.